Anti-Inflammatory Salicin Derivatives from the Barks of Salix tetrasperma.

The genus Salix L. is traditionally used in folk medicine to alleviate pain caused by various kinds of inflammation. In the present study, 10 undescribed salicin derivatives along with 5 known congeners were isolated from the barks of Salix tetrasperma, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and chemical conversions. Compounds 4-6 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the most active 4 obviously suppressed the production of IL-1ß and IL-6 and decreased iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further Western blotting analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of 4 is possibly mediated through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris and their Toxoplasma gondii inhibitory activity.

Nine previously unreported various types of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, together with seven known analogues were isolated from the stem barks of Alstonia scholaris through a silica gel free methodology. The structures of 1-9 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a modified echitamine-type alkaloid with a novel 6/5/5/7/6/6 hetero hexacyclic bridged ring system, and 8 and 9 exist as a zwitterion and trifluoroacetate salt, respectively. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of all isolates on infected Vero cells were evaluated, which revealed that compound 14 at 0.24 µM displayed potent activity. This study expanded the structural diversity of alkaloids of A. scholaris, and presented their potential application in anti-Toxoplasma drug development.

Sumatranins A-J: Lignans with Immunosuppressive Activity from Cleistanthus sumatranus.

Chemical investigation of the twigs of Cleistanthus sumatranus (Phyllanthaceae) led to the isolation of 10 undescribed lignans, sumatranins A-J (1-10). Compounds 1-4 are unprecedented furopyran lignans characterized by a unique 2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-4H-furo[2,3-b]chromene heterotricyclic framework. Compounds 9 and 10 are rare 9'-nor-dibenzylbutane lignans. Structures were established based on analyses of spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallographic data, and experimental ECD spectra. Immunosuppressive assays revealed compounds 3 and 9 displayed moderate inhibitory effects with good selectivity indexes against LPS-induced B lymphocyte proliferation.

Sarglamides A-E, Indolidinoid-Monoterpenoid Hybrids with Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity from a Sarcandra Species.

Sarglamides A-E (1-5), representing the first example of heterodimers of a trans-N-cinnamoylindolidinoid and α-phelladrene derivatives, were isolated from Sarcandra glabra subsp. brachystachys. Particularly, compounds 4 and 5 possess unprecedented cagelike 6/6/5/6/5- and 6/6/6/6/5-fused pentacyclic scaffolds, respectively. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, quantum-chemical calculations, and chemical conversions. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1-5 involving the coisolated enantiomers 6a and 6b were proposed. Compounds 3-7 showed inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells.

Baccaramiones A-D, Four Highly Oxygenated and Rearranged Trinorditerpenoids from Baccaurea ramiflora.

Baccaramiones A-D (1-4), four highly oxygenated and rearranged trinorditerpenoids, were isolated from Baccaurea ramiflora. Compound 1 is a 1(10 → 5)-abeo-15,16,17-trinor-ent-abietane featuring a unique 5/6/6 spirocyclic scaffold, and 2-4 are the first example of a novel 20(10 → 5)-abeo-15,16,17-trinor-ent-abietane skeleton. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1-4 was proposed. Interestingly, compounds 3 and 4 exhibited significant immunosuppressive activities against concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-induced B cell proliferation in vitro.

Spicatulides A-G, Phenolic-Monoterpenoid Hybrids from Chloranthus spicatus.

Spicatulides A-G (1-7), seven new phenolic-monoterpenoid hybrid molecules, along with two known compounds, 8 and 9, were isolated and identified from Chloranthus spicatus. Compound 1 represents an unprecedented skeleton featuring an aryl-fused 2-oxabicyclo[4.3.1]decane moiety, and compound 2 is the first example of a denudaquinol-normonoterpenoid adduct. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses and TDDFT-ECD calculations. Compounds 3, 5, 6, and 9 exhibited the activity of reducing lipogenesis in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Diterpenoids from Sauropus spatulifolius Leaves with Antimicrobial Activities.

As a plant used in both food and medicine, Sauropus spatulifolius is consumed widely as a natural herbal tea, food source, and Chinese medicine. Inspired by its extensive applications, we conducted a systematic phytochemical study of the leaves of S. spatulifolius. Thirteen new diterpenoids, sauspatulifols A-M (1-13), including four ent-cleistanthane-type diterpenoids (1-4), eight 15,16-di-nor-ent-cleistanthane-type diterpenoids (5-12), and one 17-nor-ent-pimarane-type diterpenoid (13) as well as one known diterpenoid, cleistanthol (14), were isolated. All of these diterpenoids feature a 2α,3α-dihydroxy unit within the A ring, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 14 displayed moderate inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Shigella flexneri with the same minimum inhibitory concentration value of 12 µg/mL as well as activity against vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza A virus.

Phorneroids A-M, diverse types of diterpenoids from Euphorbia neriifolia.

A chemical investigation on the aerial parts of Euphorbia neriifolia led to the identification of thirteen undescribed diterpenoids, phorneroids A-M, including ent-abietane (A-D), ent-kaurane (E-G), ent-atisane (H-K), and ent-isopimarane (L and M) types, together with three known compounds. Phorneroid A represents the first example of 8-spiro-fused 9,10-seco-ent-abietane diterpenoid lactone featuring a unique 6/5/6/5 spirocyclic framework. Biological assays showed that some of the compounds displayed moderate cytotoxicity against two human tumor cell lines, A549 and HL-60.

Sublyratins A-O, Labdane-Type Diterpenoids from Croton sublyratus.

Fifteen new labdane-type diterpenoids, sublyratins A-O (1-15), along with four known analogues (16-19) were isolated from the aerial parts of Croton sublyratus. Their structural assignments were challenging due to the stereoisomeric features evident and were achieved by analyzing comprehensively the spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism spectra and using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 9 and 16-18 displayed cytotoxic activity against the HL-60 cell line with IC50 values of 1.5-2.8 µM.